(3)Other damage
Shallow earthquakes sometimes cause direct damage to roads and buildings when the slip of the fault reaches the earth's surface. In the Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake, slipping of the Nojima fault(Nozima fault) occurred on Awaji Island, resulting in the destruction of buildings and roads. The manifestation of this slip on the earth's surface differed depending on the local ground conditions, particularly the thickness of the weak stratum. The nature of the damage thus varied from place to place. Damage also occurs due to wide-ranging crustal movement (upheaval and subsidence) that accompanies the earthquakes. For example, the ground near Kochi (Koti) City subsided about 1 meter during the 1854 Ansei Nankai Earthquake (M 8.4) and the 1946 Nankai Earthquake (M 8.0). This caused an influx of sea water, resulting in damage due to the flooding of farmland. Also, the uplift of the earth that accompanies earthquakes makes harbors shallower, preventing their use.